REFLEXION

Como reflexión final durante este curso puedo decir, que al principio del mismo no estaba muy claro de lo que significaba la materia de Ingles Instrumental, ni mucho menos lo que hera un blog, pero a media que se avanzaba en las unidades pude aprender cosas nuevas del Ingles, que me permitieron mejorar en la parte de identificación de párrafos.

Las clases dentro del aula fueron muy dinámicas, y las presentaciones de las unidades son entendibles, actualmente continúo leyendo textos en Ingles con mayor facilidad. Páralos próximos cursos les sugiero que realicen las unidades en el blog paulatinamente que se va avanzando y no dejar para el ultimo día la terminación del blog.

TALLER III & IV

Taller Unidad III & IV

Ejercicio A (Marcadores de Definición)

Project Management

Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction: a group of related and somehow interdependent engineering projects.

A project is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, usually to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to business as usual (or operations), which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management.
The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived project constraints. Typical constraints are scope, time, and budget. The secondary—and more ambitious—challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives.


Idea General del Parrafo
La gerencia de proyecto es la disciplina de planificar, organizar, y manejar los recursos para lograr los objetivos y metas especificas de un proyecto.
Marcadores de Definicion:
- is the discipline of planning
- It is sometimes conflated with program management
- is actually a higher level construction
- A project is a temporary endeavor
- as such requires the development
- is to achieve all of the project goals
- are scope, time, and budget
- is to optimize the allocation

Ejercicio B (Marcadores de Tiempo)

Project Management History


Roman Soldiers Building a Fortress, Trajan's Column 113 ADProject management has been practiced since early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects and engineers themselves, among those for example Vitruvius (1st century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723) , Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859). It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.


Henry Gantt (1861-1919), the father of planning and control techniques.As a discipline, Project Management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity. Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool; and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5 management functions which form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management. Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.

The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern Project Management era where core engineering fields come together working as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with engineering model. In the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt Charts, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed. The "Critical Path Method" (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. And the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the United States Navy's (in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation) Polaris missile submarine program; These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.

Idea General del Parrafo
Este parrafo tiene como idea general lo referente a los inicios de la gerencia de proyecto.

Marcadores de Tiempo:
- Until 1900
- Early
- In the 1950s
- Started
- 1st Century BC

- (1632-1723)
- (1757-1834)
- (1806-1859)

UNIDAD IV

UNIDAD IV

MARCADORES DE DEFINICION

Just-in-time (JIT) is a production strategy that strives to improve a business' return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. Just In Time production method is also called the Toyota Production System. To meet JIT objectives, the process relies on signals or Kanban (看板 Kanban?) between different points in the process, which tell production when to make the next part. Kanban are usually 'tickets' but can be simple visual signals, such as the presence or absence of a part on a shelf. Implemented correctly, JIT focuses on continuous improvement and can improve a manufacturing organization's return on investment, quality, and efficiency. To achieve continuous improvement key areas of focus could be flow, employee involvement and quality.

Quick notice that stock depletion requires personnel to order new stock is critical to the inventory reduction at the center of JIT. This saves warehouse space and costs. However, the complete mechanism for making this work is often misunderstood.

For instance, its effective application cannot be independent of other key components of a lean manufacturing system or it can "...end up with the opposite of the desired result."[1] In recent years manufacturers have continued to try to hone forecasting methods (such as applying a trailing 13 week average as a better predictor for JIT planning,[2] however some research demonstrates that basing JIT on the presumption of stability is inherently flawed.

MARCADORES DE DEFINICION

MARCADORES DE TIEMPO

Henry Ford was an inventor, philanthropist and successful American businessman. Ford was the founder of the still popular Ford Motor Company which had its first success with the Model T Ford car that was released in 1908. Henry Ford revolutionized the way cars were designed and built, introducing assembly line factories for producing mass amounts of vehicles that led to lower prices for consumers and an explosion in car ownership throughout the United States.

Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 in Dearborn, Michigan, United States, in what was then known as Springwells Township. Ford's parents were Irish immigrants and the family lived on a farm, with Henry Ford being the eldest of six children. The family had a comfortable upbringing on the farm with a decent income, but even as a young person, Ford believed there was too much work and not enough income living from the land.

"It was life on the farm that drove me into devising ways and means to better transportation. I was born on July 30, 1863, on a farm at Dearborn, Michigan, and my earliest recollection is that, considering the results, there was too much work on the place." Henry Ford Quote

Ford began his career as an apprentice machinist in 1879, then returned to his family farm in 1882 before starting work with the Westinghouse company to service their steam engines. Ford then went to work at the Edison Illuminating Company where he became chief engineer in 1893.

Henry Ford had always enjoyed mechanical things and was always trying to improve or create more useful machinery. In 1893 he created his first gasoline driven buggy or Quadricycle that was completely self propelled. He then started the Detroit Automobile Company with several other investors to improve on his design, but the company went bankrupt soon after. Ford then started the Henry Ford Company, which he also left, before eventually starting the Ford Motor Company in 1903.

The Ford Motor Company released the successful Model T car in 1908. Generally cars were built one at a time and were only accessible to the very wealthy, but Ford continued to improve the way the cars were manufactured. In 1913 the cars were being mass produced by one of the first moving assembly lines. In 1918, half of the total amount of cars in the United States were Model T's, 15 million cars were sold, and production of the Model T was finally stopped in 1927.

Ford also had interests in politics but was never successful as a politician, and unsuccessfully ran for Senate as a Democrat. He also had strong views on labor and how the workforce should be treated. He paid his workers more money for less working days and made the 5 day 40 hour working week a normal part of working life.

Henry Ford created the Ford Foundation in 1936 to promote human welfare through research grants, educational grants and development. In 1947, at the age 83 Henry Ford died of a cerebral hemorrhage and was buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit.

Tomando como base la Biografía de Henry Ford presentada anteriormente, podemos observar claramente que la redacción de la misma sigue un patrón de narración con ordenamiento del tiempo, ya que desarrolla la información en forma cronológica, es decir describiendo los eventos en un orden específico.

MARCADORES DE TIEMPO

Tipo de texto:
Narración.

Idea general del párrafo.

Este párrafo habla sobre la Biografia de Henry Ford, él fue el fundador de la todavía popular Ford Motor Company, que tuvo su primer éxito con el modelo de coche Ford T que se publicó en 1908. Henry Ford revolucionó la manera en coches fueron diseñados y construidos, la introducción de las fábricas de la línea de montaje para la producción de cantidades masivas de vehículos que llevó a precios más bajos para los consumidores y una explosión en la propiedad de automóviles en los Estados Unidos.