REFLEXION

Como reflexión final durante este curso puedo decir, que al principio del mismo no estaba muy claro de lo que significaba la materia de Ingles Instrumental, ni mucho menos lo que hera un blog, pero a media que se avanzaba en las unidades pude aprender cosas nuevas del Ingles, que me permitieron mejorar en la parte de identificación de párrafos.

Las clases dentro del aula fueron muy dinámicas, y las presentaciones de las unidades son entendibles, actualmente continúo leyendo textos en Ingles con mayor facilidad. Páralos próximos cursos les sugiero que realicen las unidades en el blog paulatinamente que se va avanzando y no dejar para el ultimo día la terminación del blog.

TALLER III & IV

Taller Unidad III & IV

Ejercicio A (Marcadores de Definición)

Project Management

Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction: a group of related and somehow interdependent engineering projects.

A project is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, usually to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to business as usual (or operations), which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management.
The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived project constraints. Typical constraints are scope, time, and budget. The secondary—and more ambitious—challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives.


Idea General del Parrafo
La gerencia de proyecto es la disciplina de planificar, organizar, y manejar los recursos para lograr los objetivos y metas especificas de un proyecto.
Marcadores de Definicion:
- is the discipline of planning
- It is sometimes conflated with program management
- is actually a higher level construction
- A project is a temporary endeavor
- as such requires the development
- is to achieve all of the project goals
- are scope, time, and budget
- is to optimize the allocation

Ejercicio B (Marcadores de Tiempo)

Project Management History


Roman Soldiers Building a Fortress, Trajan's Column 113 ADProject management has been practiced since early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects and engineers themselves, among those for example Vitruvius (1st century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723) , Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859). It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.


Henry Gantt (1861-1919), the father of planning and control techniques.As a discipline, Project Management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity. Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool; and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5 management functions which form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management. Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.

The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern Project Management era where core engineering fields come together working as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with engineering model. In the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt Charts, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed. The "Critical Path Method" (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. And the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the United States Navy's (in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation) Polaris missile submarine program; These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.

Idea General del Parrafo
Este parrafo tiene como idea general lo referente a los inicios de la gerencia de proyecto.

Marcadores de Tiempo:
- Until 1900
- Early
- In the 1950s
- Started
- 1st Century BC

- (1632-1723)
- (1757-1834)
- (1806-1859)

UNIDAD IV

UNIDAD IV

MARCADORES DE DEFINICION

Just-in-time (JIT) is a production strategy that strives to improve a business' return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. Just In Time production method is also called the Toyota Production System. To meet JIT objectives, the process relies on signals or Kanban (看板 Kanban?) between different points in the process, which tell production when to make the next part. Kanban are usually 'tickets' but can be simple visual signals, such as the presence or absence of a part on a shelf. Implemented correctly, JIT focuses on continuous improvement and can improve a manufacturing organization's return on investment, quality, and efficiency. To achieve continuous improvement key areas of focus could be flow, employee involvement and quality.

Quick notice that stock depletion requires personnel to order new stock is critical to the inventory reduction at the center of JIT. This saves warehouse space and costs. However, the complete mechanism for making this work is often misunderstood.

For instance, its effective application cannot be independent of other key components of a lean manufacturing system or it can "...end up with the opposite of the desired result."[1] In recent years manufacturers have continued to try to hone forecasting methods (such as applying a trailing 13 week average as a better predictor for JIT planning,[2] however some research demonstrates that basing JIT on the presumption of stability is inherently flawed.

MARCADORES DE DEFINICION

MARCADORES DE TIEMPO

Henry Ford was an inventor, philanthropist and successful American businessman. Ford was the founder of the still popular Ford Motor Company which had its first success with the Model T Ford car that was released in 1908. Henry Ford revolutionized the way cars were designed and built, introducing assembly line factories for producing mass amounts of vehicles that led to lower prices for consumers and an explosion in car ownership throughout the United States.

Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 in Dearborn, Michigan, United States, in what was then known as Springwells Township. Ford's parents were Irish immigrants and the family lived on a farm, with Henry Ford being the eldest of six children. The family had a comfortable upbringing on the farm with a decent income, but even as a young person, Ford believed there was too much work and not enough income living from the land.

"It was life on the farm that drove me into devising ways and means to better transportation. I was born on July 30, 1863, on a farm at Dearborn, Michigan, and my earliest recollection is that, considering the results, there was too much work on the place." Henry Ford Quote

Ford began his career as an apprentice machinist in 1879, then returned to his family farm in 1882 before starting work with the Westinghouse company to service their steam engines. Ford then went to work at the Edison Illuminating Company where he became chief engineer in 1893.

Henry Ford had always enjoyed mechanical things and was always trying to improve or create more useful machinery. In 1893 he created his first gasoline driven buggy or Quadricycle that was completely self propelled. He then started the Detroit Automobile Company with several other investors to improve on his design, but the company went bankrupt soon after. Ford then started the Henry Ford Company, which he also left, before eventually starting the Ford Motor Company in 1903.

The Ford Motor Company released the successful Model T car in 1908. Generally cars were built one at a time and were only accessible to the very wealthy, but Ford continued to improve the way the cars were manufactured. In 1913 the cars were being mass produced by one of the first moving assembly lines. In 1918, half of the total amount of cars in the United States were Model T's, 15 million cars were sold, and production of the Model T was finally stopped in 1927.

Ford also had interests in politics but was never successful as a politician, and unsuccessfully ran for Senate as a Democrat. He also had strong views on labor and how the workforce should be treated. He paid his workers more money for less working days and made the 5 day 40 hour working week a normal part of working life.

Henry Ford created the Ford Foundation in 1936 to promote human welfare through research grants, educational grants and development. In 1947, at the age 83 Henry Ford died of a cerebral hemorrhage and was buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit.

Tomando como base la Biografía de Henry Ford presentada anteriormente, podemos observar claramente que la redacción de la misma sigue un patrón de narración con ordenamiento del tiempo, ya que desarrolla la información en forma cronológica, es decir describiendo los eventos en un orden específico.

MARCADORES DE TIEMPO

Tipo de texto:
Narración.

Idea general del párrafo.

Este párrafo habla sobre la Biografia de Henry Ford, él fue el fundador de la todavía popular Ford Motor Company, que tuvo su primer éxito con el modelo de coche Ford T que se publicó en 1908. Henry Ford revolucionó la manera en coches fueron diseñados y construidos, la introducción de las fábricas de la línea de montaje para la producción de cantidades masivas de vehículos que llevó a precios más bajos para los consumidores y una explosión en la propiedad de automóviles en los Estados Unidos.

Unidad III

UNIDAD III:

De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está punto de leer?
Estoy a punto de leer sobre las bellezas naturales del Amazona.

Cuál es la idea general del texto?
La cascada más alta del mundo con 3.211 metros

Que palabras se repiten?
waterfall

Que palabras se parecen al español?
Angel, Airport, July.

Cuáles son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
Ángel Falls

De qué trata el texto?

El presente texto trata sobre, La cascada más alta del mundo con 3.211 metros, el Salto Ángel, es un espectaculo Al mirar hacia arriba desde la base, la cascada parece venir de ninguna parte.

Venezuela

The tallest waterfall in the world at 3,211 feet, Angel Falls is so high that some of the water evaporates before it even reaches the pool below. When you look up from the base, the waterfall seems to come from nowhere.
Unlike most falls, this one isn't fed by snowmelt, a lake or a river, but by rainfall from the tropical clouds. Getting to and from Angel Falls on your own is logistically tricky, so it's necessary to see this cascade with a guide. The three-day tour from Akanan Travel & Adventure includes airfare from Caracas, Venezuela's capitol, to Angel Falls; hammocks to sleep on; all meals; and insider access to the falls, including hikes, canoe rides, and a dip in a hidden pool at the base of the waterfall ( $450 per person).
Closest major city: Angel Falls is located in Canaima National Park, which has an on-site airport that connects visitors to and from Caracas.
Best time to go: Akanan's tours run from July through November, when the waterfalls flow is at its heaviest.
El Salto del Ángel
Venezuela

Traducción al Español:

La cascada más alta del mundo con 3.211 metros, el Salto Ángel es tan alto que una parte del agua se evapora antes de que llegue por debajo de la piscina. Al mirar hacia arriba desde la base, la cascada parece venir de ninguna parte.
A diferencia de la mayoría de las caídas, este no es alimentadopor el deshielo, un lago o un río, pero por la lluvia de las nubestropicales.
Transporte hasta y desde el Salto Ángel por su cuenta es logísticamente difícil, por lo que es necesario ver estacascada con un guía. La gira de tres días de Akanan Viajes yAventura incluye pasaje aéreo desde Caracas, la capital de Venezuela, al Salto Angel, hamacas para dormir, todas las comidas, y con información privilegiada de acceso a las cataratas, incluyendo caminatas, paseos en canoa, y lainmersión en una en una piscina escondida en la base de lacascada ($ 450 por persona).
La ciudad más cercana principales: El Salto del Ángel está situado en el Parque Nacional Canaima, que cuenta con un aeropuerto en el lugar que conecta a los visitantes desde y hacia Caracas.

La mejor hora para ir: Visitas Akanan de ejecutar desde julio hasta noviembre, cuando el flujo de cataratas es más pesado.

Parte 2 SCANNING
1- Cuantos metros mide El Salto Angel?

3000 mts.

2- Por cuánto tiempo se mantuvo en la montaña el avión del Sr. Angel?

El avión se mantuvo la cima de la montaña por 33 años.

3- Cuando se caso el Sr. Angel?

En 1937, el Sr. Angel se casó.

4- Actualmente donde se encuentra el Avion del Sr. Angel.

Museo de la Aviación en Maracay Angel Falls

Unidad II

UNIDAD II

Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with the optimization of complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes.
Its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines such as Operations Management, but the engineering side tends to emphasize extensive mathematical proficiency and usage of quantitative methods.


Depending on the sub-speciality(ies) involved, industrial engineering may also be known as operations management, management science, operations research, systems engineering, or manufacturing engineering, usually depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user. Recruiters or educational establishments use the names to differentiate themselves from others. In health care, industrial engineers are more commonly known as health management engineers or health systems engineers.

Idea principal del texto:

La idea principal del texto es que la Ingeniería Industrial es una rama de la ingeniería se ocupan de la optimización de los procesos o sistemas complejos.

Traducción:

Ingeniería Industrial es una rama de la ingeniería se ocupan de la optimización de los procesos o sistemas complejos. Tiene que ver con el desarrollo, mejoramiento, implementación y evaluación de sistemas integrados de personas, dinero, conocimiento, información, equipamiento, energía, materiales, análisis y síntesis, así como las ciencias matemáticas, físicas y sociales junto con los principios y métodos del diseño de ingeniería para especificar, predecir y evaluar los resultados que se obtengan de tales sistemas o procesos.
Sus conceptos subyacentes se superponen considerablemente con ciertas disciplinas orientadas a los negocios, tales como Gestión de Operaciones, pero la parte de ingeniería tiende a enfatizar la competencia matemática y el uso extensivo de los métodos cuantitativos.


Dependiendo de la sub-especialidad (es) involucradas, la ingeniería industrial también se conoce como gestión de operaciones, gestión de la ciencia, la investigación de operaciones, ingeniería de sistemas, ingeniería o fabricación, por lo general en función del punto de vista o los motivos del usuario. Los reclutadores o los centros de enseñanza utilizar los nombres de diferenciarse de los demás. En el cuidado de la salud, ingenieros industriales son más comúnmente conocidos como ingenieros de gestión de la salud o ingenieros de sistemas de salud.




Selecciona tres oraciones e indica:
– Frase nominal, pre y post modificadores y núcleo
– Frase verbal, núcleo
– Tiempo verbal de la oración
A) Depending on the sub-speciality(ies) involved, industrial engineering may also be known as operations management
• FN: Depending on the sub-speciality(ies)
• NFV: Involved
• Premodificadores: Depending on the sub-speciality(ies)
• Post modificadores: industrial engineering may also be known as operations management
• Tiempo Verbal: Presente continúo.


B) Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with the optimization of complex processes or systems.

Busca 2 ejemplos de elementos referenciales
a. Pronombres demostrativos
b. Conectores
c. Who, what, when, where

Pronombres demostrativos
Is, the,

TALLER UNIDAD I & II

TALLER UNIDAD I & II

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage.

The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well.

A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.

Palabras Nuevas:

Commonly adv. Comúnmente
Networks sust. Red
Conducted verb. Pp. Conducido
Funds sust. Fondo
Retailers sust. Detallista


Categorias Lexicales:
n : e-tailers, eCommerce
Adj: Electronic, interchange
Adv: commonly, entirely
V: transfer, have
Conj: and, of, for
Prep: on, to, in
Art: The, and
Prefijos: lifecycle, website, widespread
Sufijos: electronically,
Cognados Positivos: extraordinarily, services,
Cognados Negativos: transaction

Idea Principal del Texto:

El comercio electrónico consiste en la compra y venta de productos o servicios a través de sistemas electrónicos como Internet y otras redes informáticas.

Texto en Español:

El comercio electrónico, comúnmente conocido como e-commerce o comercio electrónico, consiste en la compra y venta de productos o servicios a través de sistemas electrónicos como Internet y otras redes informáticas. La cantidad de comercio realizado por medios electrónicos ha crecido extraordinariamente con el uso generalizado a Internet. El uso del comercio se lleva a cabo de esta manera, estimulando y aprovechando las innovaciones en la transferencia electrónica de fondos, gestión de la cadena de suministro, la comercialización del Internet, el procesamiento de transacciones en línea, intercambio electrónico de datos (EDI), sistemas de gestión de inventario, y los sistemas automatizados de recolección de datos. Comercio electrónico moderno típicamente usa el World Wide Web por lo menos en algún momento del ciclo de vida de la transacción, aunque puede abarcar una gama más amplia de tecnologías como el correo electrónico, dispositivos móviles y teléfonos así.


Un gran porcentaje del comercio electrónico se realiza enteramente por vía electrónica de artículos virtuales, como el acceso a contenidos de calidad en un sitio web, pero la mayoría de comercio electrónico consiste en el transporte de elementos físicos de alguna manera. Minoristas en línea son a veces conocidos como e-minoristas y al por menor en línea es a veces conocido como e-cola. Casi todos los grandes minoristas tienen presencia de comercio electrónico en la World Wide Web.


Estructura de la Oración:


A) The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage
Conducted N
Conducted NFV
The amount of trade FN
Trade NFN
The amount of PRE-MOD
conducted electronically  POST MOD

Electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage FV

B) A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website.

Conducted N
Conducted NVF
A large percentage of electronic commerce FN
percentage NFN
Entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website. FV.


Frase Nominal
1- Núcleo de la Frase Nominal.
2- Pre modificadores/ post modificadores
Frase Verbal:


1- Núcleo de la Frase Verbal.


2- Tiempo Verbal.

Unidad I

Esta la tarea de la unidad I la cual contempla la identificacion de palabras nuevas, categorias lexicales, idea principal del texto y su traduccion al español.

UNIDAD I

The UEFA Champions League is an annual association football cup competition organised by UEFA since 1955 for the top football clubs in Europe. using a two-leg knockout format where the teams would play two matches, one at home and one away, and the team with the highest overall score qualifying for the next round of the competition. Until 1997, entry was restricted to the teams that won their national league championships, plus the current European Cup holder. In the 1992–93 season, the format was changed to include a group stage and the tournament was renamed the UEFA Champions League.

The tournament properly begins with a group stage of 32 teams, divided into 8 groups. Seeding is used whilst making the draw for this stage, whilst teams from the same country may not be drawn into groups together. Each team meets the others in its group home and away in a round-robin format. The top two teams from each group progress to the round of 16, which commences the knock-out tournament. The third team enters the UEFA Europa League.

For this stage, one group's winners play against another group's runners-up, and teams from the same country may not be drawn against each other. From the quarter-finals onwards, the draw is entirely random, with country protection no longer in force. The group stage is played through the autumn, whilst the knock-out stage starts after a winter break. The knock-out ties are played in a two-legged format, with the exception of the final. This is typically held in the final two weeks of May.

Palabras Nuevas:

Properly Adv. Correctamente.

Whilst Sust. Mientras.

Random Adj. Al azar.

Onwards Adj. Hacia adelante

Autumn Sust. Otoño

Categorías Lexicales:

n: clubs, UEFA

Adj: Random, onwards

Adv:entirely, typically  

v: begin, play , are

Conj: and

Prep: on, to, in

Art: The, an,

Prefijos: renamed, overall

Sufijos: typically, qualifying,

Cognados Positivos: Champions, competition, format, protection.

Cognados Negativos: tournament, cupl.

Idea Principal del Texto:

Relata sobre el origen de la Competencia Liga de Campeones de la Unión Europea de Futbol, como es el desarrollo de las fases de grupos hasta la final que generalmente es realizada en las dos ultimas semanas de Mayo.

Texto en Español:

La UEFA Champions League es una competencia de fútbol anual de la asociación copa organizada por la UEFA desde 1955 para los clubes de fútbol más importantes de Europa. utilizando un formato de eliminatorias a doble partido donde los equipos se juegan dos partidos, uno en casa y uno de vuelta, y el equipo con la puntuación más alta clasificación para la siguiente ronda de la competición. Hasta 1997, la entrada estaba restringida a los equipos que ganaron sus campeonatos nacionales de liga, además de la titular actual Copa de Europa. En la temporada 1992-93, el formato fue modificado para incluir una fase de grupos y el torneo pasó a llamarse de la UEFA Champions League.

El torneo propiamente comienza con una fase de grupos de 32 equipos, divididos en 8 grupos. La siembra se utiliza al mismo tiempo hacer el sorteo de esta fase, si bien los equipos del mismo país no podrán establecerse en grupos juntos. Cada equipo cumple con los demás en su hogar de grupo y de distancia, en un formato round-robin. Los dos mejores equipos de cada grupo para el progreso de la ronda de 16, que comienza la eliminatoria del torneo. El tercer equipo entra en la UEFA Europa League.

Para esta etapa, los ganadores de un grupo de corredores de jugar contra otro grupo-, y los equipos del mismo país no podrán enfrentarse entre sí. A partir de cuartos de final, el sorteo es totalmente al azar, con la protección del país ya no está en la fase de grupos. Se juega durante el otoño, mientras que la eliminatoria se inicia la etapa después de un receso de invierno. Los lazos eliminatorios se juegan en un formato de dos patas, con la excepción de la final. Normalmente, esto se celebrará en las dos últimas semanas de mayo.